The 1966 Dayton, Ohio Uprising began on September 1, 1966, after the murder of African American Lester Mitchell by an unknown white assailant. Mitchell was sweeping the sidewalk in front of his bar at 3:00 a.m. when, according to witnesses, a red car pulled up to Mitchell, and a white man shot Mitchell in the face with a shotgun. Witness accounts vary regarding whether it was a single white man or a group. According to one witness, Tommy Campbell, all he saw was “the red (of the car), and the barrel of the gun… All I could tell was they were white men.”  Mitchell was taken to the hospital, later dying from his wounds.

Dayton was one of the most segregated cities in the United States in 1966, with 60,000 black residents crammed into a small and impoverished West Dayton neighborhood. For years leading up to the uprising, black activists and community leaders complained about the issues facing Dayton’s African American community, which included a lack of quality education, joblessness, poor housing conditions, and a lack of city services.

By 10:00 a.m., looting, rioting, and violence had spread throughout West Dayton. Groups of rioters threw rocks, bottles, and other projectiles at buses and cars carrying or being driven by white people and, according to press reports, yelled, “Kill! Kill! Kill!”  A 40-year-old white truck driver was injured when a rock was thrown through his window, breaking his jaw.

At approximately 1030 a.m. Dayton Mayor Dave Hall, who was on the scene at the riot, asked Ohio Governor James Rhodes to call out the National Guard. The Governor complied. City officials and police, anxious to end the rioting, armed themselves with shotguns confiscated from local pawnshops. By 3:00 p.m., approximately 1,000 Ohio National Guard troops arrived, but most of the rioting had subsided by then.

There were numerous injuries and more than 500 arrests. City services were briefly suspended. Trains were re-routed, and police estimated property damage to be about $250,000, or $1.9 million in today’s dollars. Most of the businesses that were damaged and looted were black-owned.